Enskubók

Sentence Structure, Questions and Imperatives

Word order; statements, negatives, questions and imperatives; auxiliaries, short answers and wh- questions.

Present Simple

Routines, habits and facts; third-person forms and adverbs of frequency.

• Present simple →
• Adverbs of frequency →

Present Continuous

Actions in progress and temporary situations; an introduction to future arrangements.

• Present continuous →

Present Simple vs Present Continuous

Habits versus temporary actions; common stative verbs.

• Present simple or continuous →
• Stative verbs →

Past Simple

Was/were; regular and irregular verbs; questions, negatives and time expressions.

• Past simple →

Past Continuous

Past actions in progress and interrupted actions; contrast with the past simple.

• Past continuous →

Present Perfect Simple — Introduction

Have/has + past participle; experiences and recent events; ever, never, just, already, yet, for and since.

Present Perfect vs Past Simple — Basics

Experiences without a specific date versus finished events at a definite past time.

Going to

Intentions, plans and predictions based on evidence.

• Going to →

Will and Shall

Predictions, instant decisions, offers and promises; shall for suggestions.

• Will →

Present Continuous for Future

Appointments and organised plans.

Can, Could, May and Be Able To

Ability, possibility, permission and requests; a basic present/past contrast.

Obligation, Prohibition and Advice

Must, mustn't, have to, needn't and should.

Nouns and Plurals

Regular and irregular plurals; compound nouns and simple noun phrases.

Articles

A/an, the and no article in common contexts.

Countable and Uncountable Nouns

Some, any and expressions of quantity.

• Countable and uncountable nouns →

Quantifiers and Determiners

Much, many, a lot of, a few, a little, all, every and other.

• Quantifiers →

Pronouns and Possessives

Subject, object and possessive pronouns; this/that/these/those and someone/anything.

There Is / There Are / There Was / There Were

Existence, descriptions of places and contrasts between present and past.

• There is and there are →

Adjectives and Adverbs

Basic adjective order; adverbs of manner, frequency, degree, time and sequence.

Comparatives and Superlatives

Regular and irregular forms; simple comparisons.

Infinitives and Gerunds — Basics

Want to, need to and like -ing; patterns after verbs and prepositions.

• Infinitives and Gerunds →

Prepositions

Place, time, movement, direction, means and common expressions.

• Prepositions of place and movement →
• Prepositions of time →

Connectors and Simple Clauses

And, but, or, because, when, where and if; reasons, sequences and simple conditions.

Passive Voice — First Contact

Recognising and practising simple present and past passive forms with guidance.

Basic Relative Clauses

Who, which and that to identify people and things.

Everyday Verb Combinations

Have, do, make, take and get; common phrasal verbs such as get up, go out and look after.

Personal Information

Personal details, ages, countries, nationalities and languages.

People and Appearance

Family, basic relationships, physical appearance and simple personality descriptions.

• Family vocabulary →
• Talking about your family →

Daily Life

Routines, schedules, chores and everyday activities.

• Daily routines and habits →

House and Home

Rooms, furniture, appliances and housing.

Food and Drink

Food, menus, basic cooking and ordering in restaurants.

Clothes and Shopping

Clothes, sizes, materials, prices and shopping.

• Clothes and costumes →

Town and Buildings

Public places, buildings, services and describing a town.

Transport and Directions

Transport, tickets, signs, instructions and routes.

Travel and Holidays

Travel, accommodation, holidays and simple experiences.

• Travel and holidays →

School and Study

Subjects, classroom materials, lessons and learning.

Work and Jobs

Common occupations, tasks and workplaces.

Health and Exercise

Body parts, common symptoms, advice and healthy habits.

Sport and Hobbies

Sports, leisure activities and hobbies.

Entertainment and Media

Films, music, television, books and everyday media.

Weather and Nature

Weather, seasons, animals, landscapes and the natural world.

Feelings and Opinions

Likes, preferences, emotions and simple opinions.

Time and Dates

Calendars, times, sequences, frequency and duration.

Social Interaction

Invitations, thanks, apologies, requests and offers.

Shapes, Materials and Objects

Size, shape, weight, colour, materials and uses of objects.

Common Verbs and Phrases

Frequent verbs, common combinations and everyday expressions.

Adjectives in Description

Use adjective order, -ed/-ing forms and noun modifiers to describe people and things more precisely.

Adverbs in Everyday Speech

Place and form adverbs, including irregular forms, to add detail and nuance to actions and opinions.

Comparisons

Comparing adjectives, adverbs and quantities; as...as.

Present Tenses in Context

Choose between present simple and continuous in less obvious contexts; explore stative verbs and uses of have.

Past Tenses for Storytelling

Use past simple and continuous to set a scene, sequence events and interrupt an action in a story.

Present Perfect vs Past Simple

Experience, results and definite/indefinite time; been/gone and for/since.

Past Perfect and Used To

Sequencing past events and describing past habits.

Nouns and Articles

Countable and uncountable nouns, plurals and a/an/the/zero article.

Determiners and Pronouns I

Some/any/no, quantity and indefinite pronouns.

Determiners and Pronouns II

Both/either/neither, each/every and all/most.

Determiners and Pronouns III

Possessives, reflexives, there/it structures and genitives.

Future Forms

Will, going to, present continuous, present simple and was/were going to.

Modals I

Requests, permission, offers, suggestions and ability.

Modals II

Obligation, prohibition, necessity and advice.

Modals III

Possibility, probability, certainty and uncertainty.

Questions and Answers

Direct and simple indirect questions, short answers and auxiliaries.

Prepositions of Place and Movement

Location, directions, journeys and movement.

Prepositions of Time

At/in/on, during, by, until, for, since and time expressions.

Prepositions and Phrasal Verbs

Prepositions after verbs and adjectives; common phrasal verbs.

The -ing Form

Gerunds as subjects and complements; -ing after prepositions.

Infinitive or -ing?

To-infinitive and -ing patterns; make/let and an introduction to changes in meaning.

Zero and First Conditionals

Facts, likely consequences and unless.

Second Conditional and Wishes

Unreal or unlikely situations; advice with If I were you and wishes with I wish.

Passive Voice

Present and past passive forms, common uses and an introduction to causatives.

Reported Speech I

Reported statements; changes in tense, pronouns and time references.

Reported Speech II

Reported questions and commands; say/tell/ask and common reporting verbs.

Defining Relative Clauses

Use who, which, that, whose and where to identify the person, thing or place you mean.

So, Such, Too and Enough

Degree, intensity and consequences.

Linking Words I

Cause, purpose and result: because, since, so, therefore and in order to.

Linking Words II

Contrast and concession: but, although, in spite of and despite; both...and and either...or.

Personality and Character

Personal traits, behaviour and more detailed descriptions.

Relationships

Friendship, family, living together and interpersonal relationships.

Experiences and Memories

Experiences, anecdotes, memories and important events.

Feelings and Reactions

Emotions and positive or negative reactions.

Education and Learning

Studies, exams, training and independent learning.

Work and Employment

Jobs, responsibilities, applications and working conditions.

Travel Problems

Bookings, journeys, problems and simple complaints.

Health and Lifestyle

Common illnesses, habits, sport and wellbeing.

Technology and Internet

Devices, applications, communication and social networks.

Media and Entertainment

Films, television, books, music and short reviews.

Environment and Wildlife

Environmental problems, animals and conservation.

Shopping and Money

Shopping, products, prices, payments and consumption.

Food and Cooking

Ingredients, recipes, restaurants and eating habits.

Housing and Neighbourhood

Housing, communities, towns and public services.

Transport and Mobility

Transport, routes and the advantages and disadvantages of different options.

Rules and Responsibilities

Rules, obligations, permission and recommendations.

Social Situations

Invitations, apologies, complaints, thanks and agreements.

Describing Changes

Development, progress, comparisons and simple trends.

Common Phrasal Verbs

Common combinations with get, take, look, turn, put, come and go.

Common Collocations

Basic make/do, take/have and adjective + noun combinations.

Present Tenses: Meaning and Perspective

Subtle present-tense contrasts, narrative uses and stative verbs whose meaning changes with the form.

Past Tenses: Narrative Perspective

Shift narrative focus with past tenses; contrast used to and would for repeated past actions.

Present Perfect: Simple, Continuous and Past Simple

Choose simple or continuous for result versus process, and connect past events to the present.

Past Perfect

Earlier past events; past perfect simple and continuous.

Future Forms: Plans, Predictions and Arrangements

Choose will, going to or a present form according to intention, evidence and how firmly a plan is arranged.

Future (2)

Future continuous, future perfect and other ways of referring to the future.

Adjectives: Precision and Emphasis

Use compound and participial adjectives; change gradation and position to express precise meanings.

Adverbs: Position and Stance

Move adverbs to shift emphasis; use stance, degree and probability adverbs.

Questions

Direct and indirect questions and question tags.

Countable and Uncountable Nouns; Articles

Countability, quantity and the use of a/an, the and zero article.

Modals (1)

Express finer degrees of ability, permission, requests and offers with the right tone and level of certainty.

Pronouns and Determiners

Reference, possession, distribution and quantifiers.

Modals (2)

Distinguish external from internal obligation, no obligation from prohibition, and direct from tactful advice.

Modals (3)

Possibility, deduction and past modal forms.

Reported Speech

Reported statements and questions; reporting verbs.

Passive Structures and Causatives

Passive forms across tenses and causative constructions.

Conditionals (1)

Contrast real and hypothetical conditions and vary their modal verbs and time references.

The To-Infinitive and -ing

Verb patterns, changes in meaning and forms after prepositions.

Conditionals (2)

Alternatives to if, wish/if only and hypothetical expressions.

Prepositions (1)

Extend place and time prepositions to abstract or figurative meanings and distinguish close alternatives.

Prepositions (2)

Prepositions after verbs and adjectives; fixed expressions.

Defining and Non-Defining Relative Clauses

Distinguish essential from extra information using relative pronouns, punctuation and prepositions.

Linking Words (1)

Cause, result and purpose; so, such, too and enough.

Linking Words (2)

Contrast, concession and participle clauses.

Earth, Sea and Sky

Geography, climate and weather.

Living a Healthy Life

Health, fitness and everyday habits.

Sound Waves

Music, sounds and instruments.

Highs and Lows

Feelings and moods.

Looking Back

The past, time and memories.

Everyone's Different

Personality and individual differences.

Get Active

Sport and physical activity.

My World

Friends, family and relationships.

Moving Around

Travel and journeys.

Hobbies, Games and Free Time

Hobbies, games and leisure activities; discussing preferences and shared experiences.

Where You Live

Cities and towns.

Shared Tastes

Food and art.

Entertain Me

Television, cinema and theatre.

Home Territory

Houses and homes.

Green Planet

Science and the environment.

Read All About It

Books and writing.

Teenage Style

Clothes and rooms.

School Days

School and education.

Jobs and Professional Qualities

Jobs, responsibilities and personal qualities in professional contexts.

University Life

University courses and expressing opinions.

Tenses

Advanced tense and aspect contrasts; stylistic choices of tense.

The Future

Future perspectives; prediction, expectation, scheduling and degrees of certainty.

Modals: Deduction and Nuance

Epistemic and dynamic modality; possibility, ability, deduction and nuance.

Modals: Retrospective Evaluation

Necessity, obligation, criticism, regret and retrospective evaluation.

Nouns, Agreement and Articles

Complex nouns, agreement and special uses of articles.

Determiners and Quantifiers

Distribution, quantity, specificity, vague reference and emphasis.

Adverbs and Adjectives

Intensifiers, gradation, position and subtle evaluations.

Comparison

Advanced comparison; correlative and emphatic constructions.

Verb Patterns I

Infinitives, gerunds and complex complementation patterns.

Verb Patterns II

Changes in meaning; perception and communication verbs; less common patterns.

Relative Clauses I

Complex relative clauses, precise reference and formal structures.

Relative Clauses II

Reduced and non-finite relatives; ways to rephrase information.

Adverbial Clauses

Nuanced concession, cause, condition, time, purpose and result.

Conditionals

Mixed, implied and inverted conditionals; alternatives to if.

Participle, To-Infinitive and Reduced Clauses

Participle and reduced clauses; condensing information.

Noun Clauses

Noun clauses, embedded questions and content clauses.

Conjunctions and Connectors

Complex argumentative cohesion, concession and precise logical relationships.

Passive Focus and Reporting

Advanced passives, reporting passives, causatives and reorganising information.

Reporting

Reporting verbs, rephrasing, speaker distance and advanced reported speech.

Substitution and Ellipsis

Cohesion, substitution and ellipsis without losing information.

Word Order and Emphasis

Inversion, cleft sentences, focus and emphatic structures.

Nominalisation

Academic and formal style; turning processes into nouns.

It and There

Dummy subjects, anticipation, existence, emphasis and discourse structure.

Complex Prepositions and Prepositions after Verbs

Complex prepositions, prepositional verbs and lexical choices.

Prepositions after Nouns and Adjectives

Fixed patterns, collocations and changes in meaning with different prepositions.

Cities

Urban planning, infrastructure, density, inequality and city life.

Personal History

Life stories, identity, biographies and memories.

The Arts

Cultural criticism, visual arts, film, theatre and literature.

Migrations

Migration, displacement, integration and human mobility.

Risking It

Risk, uncertainty, consequences and decisions.

Gender Issues

Gender roles, relationships, social expectations and equality.

Education

Education, teaching, systems and access to opportunities.

Health

Public health, medicine, quality of life and wellbeing.

Getting About

Transport, journeys and local or international mobility.

Moods

Emotions, mental states and subtle differences in feeling.

Fame and Fortune

Prestige, fame, wealth and recognition.

Complex Relationships and Conflict

Nuanced language for relationships, conflict, agreements and complex social dynamics.

Leisure and Work–Life Balance

Leisure, rest and travel; discussing work–life balance and competing priorities.

Media

Journalism, audiences, persuasion and sources of information.

Organisations and Leadership

Organisations, leadership, workplace culture and complex employment conditions.

Economics and Business

Markets, companies, trade, consumption and economics.

The Living World

Nature, biology, ecosystems and biodiversity.

Personal Contact

Interpersonal communication, etiquette and ways of keeping in touch.

The Environment

Sustainability, environmental crises, policies and human impact.

Science and Technology

Research, innovation, technology and social consequences.